tugas sosilogy ku kelas 11 ips..

BAB 1 : PENDAHULUAN

PENGANTAR :

Dunia ini di ciptakan oleh Allah sebagai suatu sarana pemenuhan kebutuhan bagi manusia. Dan Allah menciptakan makhluknya selalu berpasang-pasangan, sedangkan dalam Al-Quran Allah berfirman bahwa telah aku kami ciptakan kalian berbangsa-bangsa dan bersuku-suku. Maka dari itu jelaslah, dalam pandangan islam suatu kemajemukan masyarakat itu memang sudah ada dari awal penciptaan manusia.
Begitu pula dilihat dari sudut ilmu sosial, dalam Al-Quran manusia disebut sebagai “An-Nas”, yang artinya manusia sebagai makhluk sosial. Yang mana manusia tidak akan bisa hidup sendiri tanpa adanya dukungan dari manusia yang lain. Di beberapa ayat lain manusia disebut sebagai “AI-insan”, ini menunjukkan bahwa manusia adalah seorang individu yang unggul. Mengapa demikian, karena manusia di ciptakan dengan karakter yang berbeda dengan manusia yang lain, jadi sampailah pada kesimpulan bahwa manusia adalah seorang individu sekaligus makhluk sosial yang dengan kekarakteristikannya terbentuklah suatu masyatakan majemuk yang menghiasi dunia ini.

LATAR BELAKANG :

UNTUK MEMENUHI SALAH SATU TUGASKU YANG MASIH KURANG DAN UNTUK UNTUK MENJELASKAN SECARA DETAIL/JELAS MENGENAI MASYARAKAT MULTIKURTURAL DI INDONESIA

TUJUAN

UNTUK MEMENUHI TUGAS SOSIOLY YG MASIH KURANG SESUAI KKM YG ADA DAN SEBAGAI PEMBELAJARAN MENGENAI MASYARAKAT MULTIKURTURAL DI INDONESIA

BAB 2: PEMBAHASAN:

Sejarah Multikulturalisme

Multikulturalisme bertentangan dengan monokulturalisme dan asimilasi yang telah menjadi norma dalam paradigma negara-bangsa (nation-state) sejak awal abad ke-19. Monokulturalisme menghendaki adanya kesatuan budaya secara normatif (istilah ‘monokultural’ juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan homogenitas yang belum terwujud (pre-existing homogeneity). Sementara itu, asimilasi adalah timbulnya keinginan untuk bersatu antara dua atau lebih kebudayaan yang berbeda dengan cara mengurangi perbedaan-perbedaan sehingga tercipta sebuah kebudayaan baru.

Multikulturalisme mulai dijadikan kebijakan resmi di negara berbahasa-Inggris (English-speaking countries), yang dimulai di Kanada pada tahun 1971.^[7] Kebijakan ini kemudian diadopsi oleh sebagian besar anggota Uni Eropa, sebagai kebijakan resmi, dan sebagai konsensus sosial di antara elit.^[rujukan?] Namun beberapa tahun belakangan, sejumlah negara Eropa, terutama Belanda dan Denmark, mulai mengubah kebijakan mereka ke arah kebijakan monokulturalisme.^[8] Pengubahan kebijakan tersebut juga mulai menjadi subyek debat di Britania Raya dam Jerman, dan beberapa negara lainnya.

Definisi

Multikulturalisme berhubungan dengan kebudayaan dan kemungkinan konsepnya dibatasi dengan muatan nilai atau memiliki kepentingan tertentu. ^[1]

• “Multikulturalisme” pada dasarnya adalah pandangan dunia yang kemudian dapat diterjemahkan dalam berbagai kebijakan kebudayaan yang menekankan tentang penerimaan terhadap realitas keagamaan, pluralitas, dan multikultural yang terdapat dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Multikulturalisme dapat juga dipahami sebagai pandangan dunia yang kemudian diwujudkan dalam kesadaran politik (Azyumardi Azra, 2007)^[2]
• Masyarakat multikultural adalah suatu masyarakat yang terdiri dari beberapa macam kumunitas budaya dengan segala kelebihannya, dengan sedikit perbedaan konsepsi mengenai dunia, suatu sistem arti, nilai, bentuk organisasi sosial, sejarah, adat serta kebiasaan (“A Multicultural society, then is one that includes several cultural communities with their overlapping but none the less distinc conception of the world, system of [meaning, values, forms of social organizations, historis, customs and practices”; Parekh, 1997 yang dikutip dari Azra, 2007).^[3]
• Multikulturalisme mencakup suatu pemahaman, penghargaan serta penilaian atas budaya seseorang, serta suatu penghormatan dan keingintahuan tentang budaya etnis orang lain (Lawrence Blum, dikutip Lubis, 2006:174)^[4]
• Sebuah ideologi yang mengakui dan mengagungkan perbedaan dalam kesederajatan baik secara individual maupun secara kebudayaan (Suparlan, 2002, merangkum Fay 2006, Jari dan Jary 1991, Watson 2000)^[5]
• Multikulturalisme mencakup gagasan, cara pandang, kebijakan, penyikapan dan tindakan, oleh masyarakat suatu negara, yang majemuk dari segi etnis, budaya, agama dan sebagainya, namun mempunyai cita-cita untuk mengembangkan semangat kebangsaan yang sama dan mempunyai kebanggan untuk mempertahankan kemajemukan tersebut (A. Rifai Harahap, 2007, mengutip M. Atho’ Muzhar).^[6]

II. PENGERTIAN MASYARAKAT MULTIKULTURAL
1. Furnivall
Masyarakat multikultural adalah suatu masyarakat yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih elemen yang hidup sendiri-sendiri tanpa ada pembauran satu sama lain di dalam suatu satu kesatuan politik.
2. Clifford Gertz
Masyarakat multikultural adalah merupakan masyarakat yang terbagi dalam sub-sub sistem yang kurang lebih berdiri sendiri dan masing-masing sub sistem terkait oleh ikatan-ikatan primordial.
3. Nasikun
Masyarakat multikultural adalah suatu masyarakat bersifat majemuk sejauh masyarakat tersebut secara setruktur memiliki sub-subkebudayaan yang bersifat deverseyang ditandai oleh kurang berkembangnya sistem nilai yang disepakati oleh seluruh anggota masyarakat dan juga sistem nilai dari satu-kesatuan sosial, serta seringnya muncul konflik-konflik sosial.
4. Kesimpulan
Masyarakat multikultural adalah suatu masyarakat yang teriri dari berbagai elemen, baik itu suku, ras, agama, pendidikan, ekonomi, politik, bahasa dll. yang hidup dalam suatu kelompok masyrakat yang memiliki satu pemerintaha tetapi dalam masyarakat itu masing-masing terdapat segmen- segmen yang tidak bisa disatukan.

III. CIRI-CIRI MASYARAKAT MULTIKULTURAL
1. Terjadi segmentasi, yaitu masyarakat yang terbentuk oleh bermacam-macam suku,ras,agama, pendidikan, ekonomi, politik, bahasa dll. tapi masih memiliki pemisah. Yang biasanya pemisah itu adalah suatu konsep yang di sebut primordial. Contohnya, di Jakarta terdiri dari berbagai suku dan ras, baik itu suku dan ras dari daerah dalam negeri maupun luar negeri, dalam kenyataannya mereka memiliki segmen berupa ikatan primordial kedaerahaannya.
2. Memilki struktur dalam lembaga yang non komplementer, maksudnya adalah dalam masyarakat majemuk suatu lembaga akan mengalami kesulitan dalam menjalankan atau mengatur masyarakatnya alias karena kurang lengkapnya persatuan yang terpisah oleh segmen-segmen tertentu.
3. Konsesnsus rendah, maksudnya adalah dalam kelembagaan pastinya perlu adanya suatu kebijakan dan keputusan. Keputusan berdasarkan kesepakatan bersama itulah yang dimaksud konsensus, berarti dalam suatu masyarakat majemuk sulit sekali dalam penganbilan keputusan.
4. Relatif potensi ada konflik, dalam suatu masyarakat majemuk pastinya terdiri dari berbagai macam suku adat dan kebiasaan masing-masing. Dalam teorinya semakin banyak perbedaan dalam suatu masyarakat, kemungkinan akan terjadinya konflik itu sangatlah tinggi dan proses peng-integrasiannya juga susah
5. Integrasi dapat tumbuh dengan paksaan, seperti yang sudah saya jelaskan di atas, bahwa dalam masyarakat multikultural itu susah sekali terjadi pengintegrasian, maka jalan alternatifnya adalah dengan cara paksaan, walaupun dengan cara seperti ini integrasi itu tidak bertahan lama.
6. Adanya dominasi politik terhadap kelompok lain, karena dalam masyarakat multikultural terdapat segmen-segmen yang berakibat pada ingroup feeling (keikutsertaan dalam kelompok) tinggi maka bila suatu ras atau suku memiliki suatu kekuasaan atas masyarakat itu maka dia akan mengedapankan kepentingan suku atau rasnya.

IV. SEBAB TERJADINYA MULTIKULTURALISME

1.    Faktor geografis, faktor ini sangat mempengaruhi apa dan bagaimana kebiasaan suatu masyarakat. Maka dalam suatu daerah yang memiliki kondisi geografis yang berbeda maka akan terdapat perbedaan dalam masyarakat( multikultural).

2.    . Pengaruh budaya asing, mengapa budaya asing menjadi penyebab terjadinya multikultural, karena masyarakat yang sudah mengetahui budaya-budaya asing kemungkinan akan terpengaruh mind set mereka dan menjadikan perbedaan antara

3.    . Kondisi iklim yang berbeda, maksudnya hampir sama dengan perbedaan letak geografis suatu daerah.

V. BENTUK MASYARAKAT MULTIKULTURAL
1. INTERSEKSI
A) Konsep
Interseksi merupakan suatu titik potong atau pertemuan. Dalam sosiologi, interseksi dikenal sebagai suatu golongan etnik yang majemuk.
B) Definisi
Dalam Sosiologi, interseksi adalah persilangan atau pertemuan keanggotaan suatu kelompok sosial dari berbagai seksi. Baik berupa suku, agama, jenis kelamin, kelas sosial, dan lain-lain dalam suatu masyarakat majemuk.
Suatu interseksi terbentuk melalui interaksi sosial atau pergaulan yang intensif dari anggota-anggotanya melalui sarana pergaulan dalam kebudayaan manusia, antara lain bahasa, kesenian, sarana transportasi, pasar, sekolah. Dalam memanfaatkan sarana-sarana interseksi sosial itu, anggota masyarakat dari latar belakang ras, agama, suku, jenis kelamin, tingkat ekonomi, pendidikan, atau keturunan berbeda-beda dapat bersama-sama menjadi anggota suatu kelompok sosial tertentu atau menjadi penganut agama tertentu.
C) Penjelasan definisi
Jadi, yang dimaksud dengan interseksi adalah suatu masyarakat yang terdiri dari banyak suku,budaya,agama, dll yang berbaur menjadi satu kesatuan di dalam komunitas tertentu.
2. KONSOLIDASI
A) Konsep
Suatu proses penguatan pemikiran atas kepercayaan yang telah diyakini agar kepercayaan akan sesuatu yang diyakini semakin kuat. Yang mana hal ini dilakukan oleh orang yang lebih mengerti akan kepercayaan yang dianut.
B) Definisi
Konsolidasi adalah suatu proses penguatan yang dilakukan untuk memberikan tambahan keimanan atas apa yang telah seseorang yakini, yang biasanya dilakukan oleh orang yang sudah mencapai tingkatan tertenatu.
C) Penjelasan definisi
Jadi, yang dimaksud dengan konsolidasi adalah suatu penguatan atas apa yang telah melekat pada dirinya.
3. PRIMORDIALISME
A) Konsep
Primordialisme adalah sebuah pandangan atau paham yang memegang teguh hal-hal yang dibawa sejak kecil, baik mengenai tradisi, adat-istiadat, kepercayaan, maupun segala sesuatu yang ada di dalam lingkungan pertamanya (tempat kelahiran).
B) Definisi
Primordialisme berasal dari kata bahasa latin primus yang artinya pertama dan ordiri yang artinya tenunan atau ikatan.
Ikatan seseorang pada kelompok yang pertama dengan segala nilai yang diperolehnya melalui sosialisasi akan berperan dalam membentuk sikap primordial. Di satu sisi, sikap primordial memiliki fungsi untuk melestarikan budaya kelompoknya. Namun, di sisi lain sikap ini dapat membuat individu atau kelompok memiliki sikap etnosentrisme, yaitu suatu sikap yang cenderung bersifat subyektif dalam memandang budaya orang lain. Mereka akan selalu memandang budaya orang lain dari kacamata budayanya. Hal ini terjadi karena nilai-nilai yang telah tersosialisasi sejak kecil sudah menjadi nilai yang mendarah daging (internalized value) dan sangatlah susah untuk berubah dan cenderung dipertahankan bila nilai itu sangat menguntungkan bagi dirinya.
C) Penjelasan definisi
Jadi, suatu etnosentrisme adalah suatu kepercayaan yang sudah mendarah daging. Maka setiap orang yang memiliki etnosentrisme pasti dia akan sulit menerima paham lain selain paham yang telah mendarah daging dalam dirinya.
4. ETNOSENTRISME
A) Konsep
Etnosentris sangat erat hubungannya dengan apa yang disebut in group feeling (keikut sertaan dalam kelompok) tinggi. Biasanya dalam suatu kelompok sosial sering kita melihat perang antar desa, perang antar suku ataupun perang dalam agama dan sebagainya. Tapi entosentris lebih kepada anggapan suatu kelompok sosial bahwa kelompoknyalah yang paling unggul.
B) Definisi
Jadi, yang dimaksud dengan etnosentris adalah suatu anggapan dari kelompok sosial bahwa kelompoknyalah yang paling unggul.
C) Penjelasan definisi
Dari definisi di atas kita dapat memahami bahwa dalam suatu masyarakat majemuk terdapat suatu kelompok yang beranggapan bahwa kelompoknyalah yang paling unggul dari kelompok-kelompok sosial lain.
5. POLITIK ALIRAN
A) Konsep
Politik aliran adalah suatu kelompok masyarakat yang tergabung dalam ormas-ormas yang memiliki suatu pemersatu berupa partai politik dalam suatu negara, sehingga ormas tersebut dikatakan penganut partai yang memang dijadikan pemersatu dalam negara.
B) Definisi
Politik Aliran adalah suatu organisasi masyarakat yang memiliki dekengan (jawa) untuk memelihara dan mensejahterakan anggotanya. Contoh : Nahdhotul Ulama’ memiliki dekengan berupa Partai Keadilan Sejahtera(PKB), Muhammadiyyah memiliki dekengan berupa Partai Amanat Nasional(PAN), dll.
C) Penjelasan definisi
Jadi, jelas bahwa politik aliran adalah suatu partai politik yang memiliki suatu dukungan dari suatu organisasi masyarakat sebagai pembangun kekuatan dalam pemilihan umum.
Multikulturalisme adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan pandangan seseorang tentang ragam kehidupan di dunia, ataupun kebijakan kebudayaan yang menekankan tentang penerimaan terhadap realitas keragaman, dan berbagai macam budaya (multikultural) yang ada dalam kehidupan masyarakat menyangkut nilai-nilai, sistem, budaya, kebiasaan, dan politik yang mereka anut.

Jenis Multikulturalisme

Berbagai macam pengertian dan kecenderungan perkembangan konsep serta praktek multikulturalisme yang diungkapkan oleh para ahli, membuat seorang tokoh bernama Parekh (1997:183-185) membedakan lima macam multikulturalisme (Azra, 2007, meringkas uraian Parekh):

1.    Multikulturalisme isolasionis, mengacu pada masyarakat dimana berbagai kelompok kultural menjalankan hidup secara otonom dan terlibat dalam interaksi yang hanya minimal satu sama lain.

2.    Multikulturalisme akomodatif, yaitu masyarakat yang memiliki kultur dominan yang membuat penyesuaian dan akomodasi-akomodasi tertentu bagi kebutuhan kultur kaum minoritas. Masyarakat ini merumuskan dan menerapkan undang-undang, hukum, dan ketentuan-ketentuan yang sensitif secara kultural, dan memberikan kebebasan kepada kaum minoritas untuk mempertahankan dan mengembangkan kebudayaan meraka. Begitupun sebaliknya, kaum minoritas tidak menantang kultur dominan. Multikulturalisme ini diterapkan di beberapa negara Eropa.

3.    Multikulturalisme otonomis, masyarakat plural dimana kelompok-kelompok kultural utama berusaha mewujudkan kesetaraan (equality) dengan budaya dominan dan menginginkan kehidupan otonom dalam kerangka politik yang secara kolektif bisa diterima. Perhatian pokok-pokok kultural ini adalah untuk mempertahankan cara hidup mereka, yang memiliki hak yang sama dengan kelompok dominan; mereka menantang kelompok dominan dan berusaha menciptakan suatu masyarakat dimana semua kelompok bisa eksis sebagai mitra sejajar.

4.    Multikulturalisme kritikal atau interaktif, yakni masyarakat plural dimana kelompok-kelompok kultural tidak terlalu terfokus (concern) dengan kehidupan kultural otonom; tetapi lebih membentuk penciptaan kolektif yang mencerminkan dan menegaskan perspektif-perspektif distingtif mereka.

5.    Multikulturalisme kosmopolitan, berusaha menghapus batas-batas kultural sama sekali untuk menciptakan sebuah masyarakat di mana setiap individu tidak lagi terikat kepada budaya tertentu dan, sebaliknya, secara bebas terlibat dalam percobaan-percobaan interkultural dan sekaligus mengembangkan kehidupan kultural masing-masing. ^[9]

Multikulturalisme di Indonesia

Masyarakat Indonesia merupakan masyarakat dengan tingkat keanekaragaman yang sangat kompleks. Masyarakat dengan berbagai keanekaragaman tersebut dikenal dengan istilah mayarakat multikultural. Bila kita mengenal masyarakat sebagai sekelompok manusia yang telah cukup lama hidup dan bekerja sama sehingga mereka mampu mengorganisasikan dirinya dan berfikir tentang dirinya sebagai satu kesatuan sosial dengan batas-batas tertentu (Linton), maka konsep masyarakat tersebut jika digabungkan dengan multikurtural memiliki makna yang sangat luas dan diperlukan pemahaman yang mendalam untuk dapat mengerti apa sebenarnya masyarakat multikultural itu.

Multikultural dapat diartikan sebagai keragaman atau perbedaan terhadap suatu kebudayaan dengan kebudayaan yang lain. Sehingga masyarakat multikultural dapat diartikan sebagai sekelompok manusia yang tinggal dan hidup menetap di suatu tempat yang memiliki kebudayaan dan ciri khas tersendiri yang mampu membedakan antara satu masyarakat dengan masyarakat yang lain. Setiap masyarakat akan menghasilkan kebudayaannya masing-masing yang akan menjadi ciri khas bagi masyarakat tersebut.
Dari sinilah muncul istilah multikulturalisme. Banyak definisi mengenai multikulturalisme, diantaranya multikulturalisme pada dasarnya adalah pandangan dunia -yang kemudian dapat diterjemahkan dalam berbagai kebijakan kebudayaan- yang menekankan tentang penerimaan terhadap realitas keragaman, pluralitas, dan multikultural yang terdapat dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Multikulturalisme dapat juga dipahamni sebagai pandangan dunia yang kemudian diwujudkan dalam “politics of recognition” (Azyumardi Azra, 2007). Lawrence Blum mengungkapkan bahwa multikulturalisme mencakup suatu pemahaman, penghargaan dan penilaian atas budaya seseorang, serta penghormatan dan keingintahuan tentang budaya etnis orang lain. Berbagai pengertian mengenai multikulturalisme tersebut dapat ddisimpulkan bahwa inti dari multikulturalisme adalah mengenai penerimaan dan penghargaan terhadap suatu kebudayaan, baik kebudayaan sendiri maupun kebudayaan orang lain. Setiap orang ditekankan untuk saling menghargai dan menghormati setiap kebudayaan yang ada di masyarakat. Apapun bentuk suatu kebudayaan harus dapat diterima oleh setiap orang tanpa membeda-bedakan antara satu kebudayaan dengan kebudayaan yang lain.
Pada dasarnya, multikulturalisme yang terbentuk di Indonesia merupakan akibat dari kondisi sosio-kultural maupun geografis yang begitu beragam dan luas. Menurut kondisi geografis, Indonesia memiliki banyak pulau dimana stiap pulau tersebut dihuni oleh sekelompok manusia yang membentuk suatu masyarakat. Dari masyarakat tersebut terbentuklah sebuah kebudayaan mengenai masyarakat itu sendiri. Tentu saja hal ini berimbas pada keberadaan kebudayaan yang sangat banyak dan beraneka ragam.
Dalam konsep multikulturalisme, terdapat kaitan yang erat bagi pembentukan masyarakat yang berlandaskan bhineka tunggal ika serta mewujudkan suatu kebudayaan nasional yang menjadi pemersatu bagi bangsa Indonesia. Namun, dalam pelaksanaannya masih terdapat berbagai hambatan yang menghalangi terbentuknya multikulturalisme di masyarakat.

soal sejerah untuk kelas 11 ips dan jawaban
1 latar belakang lahirnya pegerkan nasional yg berasal dari luar negeri ? jawab ?>.
kemenangan jepang atas rusia
Selama ini sudah menjadi suatu anggapan umum jika keperkasaan Eropa (bangsa kulit putih) menjadi simbol superioritas atas bangsa-bangsa lain dari kelompok kulit berwarna. Hal itu ternyata bukan suatu kenyataan sejarah. Perjalanan sejarah dunia menunjukkan bahwa ketika pada tahun 1904-1905 terjadi peperangan antara Jepang melawan Rusia, ternyata yang keluar sebagai pemenang dalam peperangan itu adalah Jepang. Hal ini memberikan semangat juang terhadap para pelopor pergerakan nasional di Indonesia.

2 ciri ciri perjuangan bangsa indonesia sebelum 1908 yg bersifat kedaerahan adalah ?

Salah satu ciri perlawanan sebelum tahun 1908 adalah sifatnya yang masih kedaerahan, yaitu rakyat menggalang persatuan melawan penjajah, akan tetapi masih bersifat kedaerahan, belum ada persatuan secara nasional, sehingga mudah dipatahkan oleh penjajah. Pahlawan rakyat pada masa ini selalu gagal sebab:

1)      Pahlawan masih bersifat kedaerahan belum terhimpun persatuan secara nasional

2)      Masih sangat tergantung pada pemimpin

3)      Persenjataan masih sederhana dan tidak seimbang

4)      Masih terpaku pada perlawanan dengan senjata (nonkooperatif)

5)      Taktik politik devide et impera yang diterapkan oleh belanda.

3 maka proklamasi bagi bangsa indonesia adalah ?
Makna Proklamasi Kemerdekaan

Manusia secara kodratnya merupakan makhluk monodualis, artinya manusia pada hakikatnya merupakan satu kesatuan, akan tetapi memiliki dua status atau peran, yaitu sebagai makhluk individu dan sekaligus sebagai makhluk social. Sebagai makhluk individu artinya manusia merupakan pribadi-pribadi yang berdiri sendiri dengan segala potensi yang dimiliki, serta memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing. Sebagai makhluk social artinya bahwa manusia senantiasa membutuhkan bantuan orang lain, ingin selalu hidup bersama orang lain dan tidak mau hidup sendiri.

4 kemenangan jepang atas rusia yg mempengaruhi pegerakan nasional karna ?

a. Kemenangan Jepang atas Rusia

Selama ini sudah menjadi suatu anggapan umum jika keperkasaan Eropa (bangsa kulit putih) menjadi simbol superioritas atas bangsa-bangsa lain dari kelompok kulit berwarna. Hal itu ternyata bukan suatu kenyataan sejarah. Perjalanan sejarah dunia menunjukkan bahwa ketika pada tahun 1904-1905 terjadi peperangan antara Jepang melawan Rusia, ternyata yang keluar sebagai pemenang dalam peperangan itu adalah Jepang. Hal ini memberikan semangat juang terhadap para pelopor pergerakan nasional di Indonesia.

5 organisasi yang dirikan soerkarno yg dirikan dibandung adalah ?

REPORT

Text Report menguras suatu hasil pengamatan, penelaahan, penelitian, observasi, atau studi tentang benda, binatang, orang, atau tempat participant pada Report cendrung general. Data yang tersaji umumnya berupa simpulan umum akan karakteristik, ciri dan atau keberadaan dan keadaan participant.

Tujuan text Report adalah untuk menggambarkan participant apa adanya bila yang di bicarakan suatu benda. Text Report lebih menyoroti fungsi dari benda tersebut

Text Repot lazimnya menyodorkan suatu generalisasi akan participant yang di ulas, generalisasi ini umumnya di dapat lewat membandingkan yang satu dengan yang lain yang tergolong participant yang sejenis.

Structure of Text Report
General Classification : Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan dan klarifikasinya
Description : Penginformasian Ciri-ciri umum/generalisasi yang dimiliki subjek misalnya sifat, pesikologis, prilaku, tampilan fisik, fitur khas, kualitas dan sejenisnya

Grammatical Feature
a. focus on Generic Participants
b. use of relational processes to state what is and what which it is
c. use a simple past tense
d. no temporal sequences





Example

Title Different Types of Sea Mammals
General classification
Seals, sea lion and walruses live both on land and in the sea. When on dry land or on ice, They are every clumsy in their movements. But in the water they swim gracefully. They all leave the water for land or ice fields to give birth to their young.
Description The dolphins are larger. These animals are mainly fish eaters. Experiments show that dolphins are intelligent and can communicate with each other. They can be trained to perform various kinds of tricks and acts.
The highly intelligent killer where whale belongs to the dolphins family. Despite of its scary name, it has never been heard to attack human.

ANALYTICAL
Text Exposition bertujuan untuk menyodorkan pendapat/ide/pendapat/argumen penulis akan suatu perkara/topik/permasalahan/fenomena. Terdapat dua fariasi dalam Text Exposition.
1. Analytical Exposition
Dalam Analytical Exposition penulis menyodorkan pandangan/ide/opini/pendapat. Suatu topik atau fenomena atau masalah perjudapat perhatian, ulasan atau penjelasan atau uraian atau data penguat. Tanpa dimunculkannya usaha untuk mempengaruhi/membujuk pembaca untuk memiliki sikap pro-kontra terhadap sesuatu. Analytical Exposition juga dikenal dengan istilah Argumentative.
Generic structure of Analytical Exposition
Thesis : Pernyataan pendapat penulis akan sesuatu kasus/fenomena
Argument : Terdiri dari poin atau inti masalah/perbandingan atau hal yang menjadi concern dan elaboration. Penjelasan atau pemaparan dari point.
Reiteration : Penguatan pernyataan

Unsur Kebahasaan yang digunakan Text Analytical Exposition

General noun misilnya pollution, car
Abstract noun misalnya policy, government
Jargon misalnya species, mammal
Modals misalnya must, should
Bahasa evaluative misalnya important, valuable
Kalimat passive

2. Hortatory Exposition
Text Hortatory Exposition bertujuan untuk menyodorkan pandangan/ide/opini/pendapat untuk mempengaruhi/membujuk pembaca untuk memiliki sikap pro-kontra terhadap sesuatu dan atau mengajak pembaca untuk melakukan sesuatu. Hortatory Exposition juga dikenal dengan istilah Persuasive

Generic structure of hortatory Exposition
Thesis : pernyataan pendapat penulis akan suatu kasus/fenomena atau issue hal yang dipersoalkan
Argument : alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan dan pengaruh pada saran atau rekomendasi
Re-Commendation : pernyataan tentang bagai mana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya sesuatu ada atau dilakukan.

Unsur Kebahasaan Text Hortatory Exposition
Abstract noun misalnya polisi, government
Jargon misalnya species, mammal
Modals misalnya must, should
Bahasa evaluatif misalnya important, valuable
Kalimat passive
Thinking verb misalnya I believe, I think


Example
Analytical Exposition
Thesis
In Australia there are three levels of government, the federal government. All of there levels of government are necessary. This is so for a number of reasons.
Argument
First, the federal government is necessary for the big things. They keep the economy in order and look after things like defense. Similarly, the state governments look after the middle-sized things. For example they look after low and order, preventing things like vandalism in schools. Finally, local governments look after the small things. They look after things like collecting rubbish, otherwise everyone would have diseases.
Reiteration
Thus, for the reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of government are necessary.

Hortatory Exposition
Thesis In all the discussion over he removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there doesn't teem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country.
Argument While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the county, where you only see another car very five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don't seen to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one's own vehicle is the only way to get about.
Re-commendation I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a spec deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (KATA SIFAT)
1. Who : Bersifat kata orang {she, he}
2. Whom : Bersifat kata orang {me, you, her, him, than, us, it}
3. Whose : Bersifat kata orang {her, his, my, your, our, their, its}
4. Which : Bersifat kata benda {me, you, her, their, us, it}
Example
Who
I thanked the woman. She helped me
I thanked the woman. Who helped me
Whom
The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him
The man whom was Mr. Jones I raw
the people were very nice. We visited than yesterday
the people were very nice. Whom we visited yesterday
Whose
I apologized the woman. I spelled her coffee
I apologized the woman Whose I spelled coffee
I know the man His bicycle was stolen
I know the man Whose bicycle was stolen
Which
the book was good. I red it
the book which I red was good
the move wasn't very good. We say it last night
the move wasn't very good which we say last night.






EXPRESSION GIVING AND ASK FOR OPINION

Asking for opinion
1. What do you think for/if...
2. Do you think...
3. What's your opinion about...
4. What your idea about...
Giving for opinion
1. In myopinion abaut...
2. I think...
3. in myview...
4. I assume...
Example
What's your opinion about mrs.Dini?
In myopinion about mrs.Dini is beautiful, she is have high body and in studying she is very explicit. He student late go to school, she give a punishment which hard.
EXPRESSION OF LOVE & SADNES


The Expression of love :
I love son much
I love you, baby
I do care about you
I really care about you
I like you, honey
You are my love, sweetheart
My dear, I always think about you

The expression of sadness :
I am feeding so sad
I am really sad
Please make leaved me alone
It’s the sadness day in my live
You make me sad




AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
Merupakan untuk menunjukan sikap atau posisi seseorang penutur akan suatu masalah/pendapat/situasi.
Enquiring about (mencari tahu pendapat)
Wouldn't you agree ( that )...?
Wouldn't you say (that)...?
Don't you think (that)...?
Expressing agreement (menyatakan persetujuan)
I agree (with you)
You are right
That' right
I know
Absolutely
Defenetely
Expressing disagreement (menyatakan tidak persetujuan)
I disagree
I don't agree
I am not sure (about that)
I don't know (about that)
I am cann't agree

EXPRESSIONS OF ANGER/BE ANGER
go away:
I have you:
Shouth your mounth:
Example
X: I will go away because I'm anger some you
Y: I'm sorry, I must make you anger




CONDITIONAL
Pola conditional merupakan bentuk kalimat pengandaian dengan ciri hadirnya kata jika/apabila, yang umumnya dinyatakan dangan kata IF. Terdapat dua kategori besar pola pengandaian yakni : The real (factual dan nabiutral) dan unreal (centrary to the fact).
The real conditional yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah future conditional, merupakan pola lamunan yang menyatakan sesuatu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi bila syarat tertentu terpenuhi selanjutnya disebut conditional type 1.
Type unreal merupakan pola lamunan yang merupakan pengingkaran dari fakta sebenarnya akan terjadi atau sedang terjadi sekarang yang lebih dikenal dengan present conditional atau conditional type 2.
Dan kedua lamunan yang berkontradiksi dengan yang sebenarnya sudah terjadi yang lebih dikenal dengan past conditional atau conditional type 3.

1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang atau sekarang, jika syarat atau kondisi tertentu terpenuhi. Conditional type 1 dibentuk oleh rangkaian simple present sebagai sub-clause dan simple future sebagai
main clause.
If + subject 1 + present + subject 2 + [will/can/may/must] + verb 1 (simple form)

Example
1. If you come with me for a jogride to night, you will have a great fun.
2. You must study hard, if you want to enter favorite university
"If" Pada pola diatas dapat dilesapkan / dihilangkan tanpa mengubah makna dengan mengubah structur polanya didalam bentuk inverse
Should + subject 1 + simple form + subject 2 + [will/can/may/must] + verb 1 (simple form)

Example
~ If you come with me for a jogride to night, you will have a gread fun
~ Should you want to enter favorite university, you must study hard

2. Present Conditional (Conditional Type 2)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada / terjadi sekarang / belakangan ini.

If + subject 1 + simple past + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + verb 1 / be
Example
1. If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this week and
2. He would tell you about, it if he were here
"If" dengan menggunakan to be "were" pada pola diatas dapat dilesapkan / dihilangkan tanpa mengubah makna dengan mengubah structur polanya kedalam bentuk inversi.
Were +subject 1 + adjective + noun + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + verb / be

Example
~ Were I to have time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
~ Were he here, he would tell you about it
3. Past Conditional (Conditional Type 3)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangn dengan apa yang telah terjadi sesuatu yang sudah berlalu
If + subject 1 + past perfect + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + have + verb 3 / been
Example
1. If I had known you were there, I would have writen you a letter
2. If you had asked me I would, have told you the whole story
Bentuk inversi (tanpa menggunakan kata "if") untuk type ini adalah
Had + subject 1 + verb 3/been + subject 2 + [would/could/might] + have + verb 3/been

Example
~ Had I known you were there, I would have written you a letter
~ Had you asked me I would have told you the whole story


Example of Conditional
1. If I were in town, I would go
I do not were in town, pn i would not go
2. If I had known you were, I would come to have you.
I do not had known you were, so I would not came to have you.

SPOOF
Goal/purpose
Toretell/to tell funny story
The structures
Orientation : Pengenalan waktu,tokoh dan tempat.
Event : Kejadian.
Twist : Akhir yang tidak terduga atau lucu.
Keterangan
Dalam satu Sroof text, dapat terjadi beberapa event.
Example:
Tittel Penguin in the par
Orientation Once a man was walking in a park when he came a class a penguin.
Event 1
He took him to a policeman and said.” I have just Found this penguin what should ? Do?”
The policeman replied" take him to the zoo.
Event 2
The next day the policeman saw the some in the some park and the man was still carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked. "Why are you still earring that penguin about ? Didn't you take it to the zoo" "I Certainly did" Repaired the man.
Twist
And it was great idea because he really enjoyed it so today I am taking him to the movies.

WOULD RATHER... (THAN), (WOULD) PREFER TO RATHER THAN PREFER SOME THINGT SOME THING.

'Would rather' mempunyai arti: Would prefer to ( lebih suka ).
Example
A- I would rather have ice cream than milk shake.
B- Would you rather have ice cream or milk shake?
C- I would prefer to have ice cream rather than milk shake
D- I would rather not have anything
E- Do you want to eat out? 'no I’d rather not'
F- I would prefer eat out rather than go/to go/going to the movies
Keterangan
1} Dalam kalimat Tanya kita menggunakan or untuk memperkenalkan suatu pilihan, sedangkan dalam kalimat pasif yang menggunakan would rather kita menggunakan than.
2} kita menggunakan rather than dengan would prefer + to invinitive.
3} Untuk kalimat negative. Kita menambahkan not setelah would rather/would prefer dan sebelum kata kerja utama sehingga kalimat
- I would rather not have ice cream
- I would prefer not to have ice cream
4} kita menggunakan
Would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + infinitive
Would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + to infinitive
would prefer + to infinitive + rather than +V ing(dalam contoh f diatas)
5} Kita mengatakan 'I’d rather not' sebagai jawaban pendek. kita menggunakan prefer dengan cara berikut
~ Prefer to + infinitive + rather than + infinitive/to infinitive/verb/ing
I prefer to swim rather than play/to play/playing basket ball
~ Prefer + verb + ing + to + verb + ing
I prefer swimming to playing basket ball
~ Prefer + verb + ing + rather than + verb + ing
I prefer swimming rather than playing basket ball
~ Prefer + something + to + something
I prefer tea to coffee
A} "Rather than" dalam kalimat diatas dapat diganti dengan instead of tetapi kata kerja yang mengikuti 'instead of' harus dalam bentuk Verb + ing
Example
I prefer to stay (at) home instead of going out
B} "rather than” dapat diikuti oleh infinitive, to infinitive atau verb + ing, tetapi penggunaannya lebih baik di sesuaikan dengan kata kerja sebelumnya
C} Jika kita lebih suka seseorang melakukan sesuatu kita menyatakannya dengan prefer : I prefer you to do it for me.
(Prefer + somebody + to + infinitive)
D} Dengan would rather (would rather + some body + the past form)
 - I'd rather you did it for me
- I'd rather you didn't smoke

ADVERB
A. Adverb of manner (kata keterangan cara)
Kata-kata yang termasuk kedalam adverb of manner diantaranya adalah :

Best : terbaik yang paling baik
Better : makin baik, lebih sehat, lebih suka
Calmly : dengan tenang
Carefully : dengan hati-hati, dengan teliti
Carelesly : dengan sembarangan, gegabah,tanpa tanggung jawab
Early : pagi-pagi
Fast : cepat
Faster : lebih cepat
Grandually : secara berangsur-angsur
Hard : keras, lebat, dengan tajam
Harder : lebih keras, lebih telat, dan lebih tajam
Hurrledly : terburu-buru, tergopoh-gopoh
Late: terlambat
Well: baik, jauh, benar



Example
a. I am Felling better today
b. She is best language spanis in the class
c. He driver carefully every where

B. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat)
Kata-kata yang termasuk kedalam adverb of place diantaranya:

Above : Diatas
Abroad : Luar negri, dengan luas, tersiar, tersebar
Below : Dibawah, kebawah
Down town : Kota
Far : Jauh
Gance : Dari sini
Here : Disini
In side : Kedalam
Near : Keluar, diluar
Thence : Dari Sana
There : Disana, disitu, kesana

Example
a. She lives above tree
b. They go to abroad every year
c. We go to down town

C. adverb of definite time (keterangan waktu yang jelas)
Kata-kata yang termasuk kedalam adverb of definite time diantaranya :

A few days Ag : Beberapa hari yang lalu
A few minute Ag : Beberapa saat yang lalu
At the moment : Sekarang ini
Farmerly : Dahulu, tadinya
In the past : Dimasa lalu
Last night : Tadi malam
Now : sekarang
Right now : sekarang ini juga
The other day : beberapa hari yang lalu, baru-baru ini
Tomorrow : besok
To nigh : malam ini
Yesterday : kemarin



Example
a. I met than a few days ago
b. They finished their work a few minute ago
c. I lived in bandung formerly

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada masa lalu dimasa waktu tidak tertentu (bentuk waktu selesai sekarang).
S + have/has + V3 + O

Keterangan
Have untuk subjek they, we, I, you
has untuk subjek she, he, it
Example
1. They have cathee this morning
2. Dedi has antihu pencil in the market.

Preference
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbandingan
….. like….. better than…..
….. prefer….. to …..
….. would rather….. than….

1. I like coffee batter than tea
(Suka ) (dari pada)
2. Eka prefer fried rice to fried noodle
(Lebih suka) (daripada)
3. siti would rather ice than milkshake

ways– LANGUAGE EXPRESSION

Material 1
How to Express: Greeting and Leave Taking
Task 1 Practice the dialog with a partner!
Heru     : Good morning Satya!
Satya    : Hello! Morning Heru!
Heru     :How is everything with you?
Satya    :Fine, thanks. What about you?
Heru     :Very well.
Satya    :What are you doing?
Heru     : I need some references to wite my report
Satya    :Well, good luck then. I have to leave now. Good bye!
Heru     : Bye!
The expressions in bold type are used to express greeting and leave taking.
Study the expression of greeting and leave taking in the table below!

Greetings	Responses
Good morningGood afternoonGood evening Hello/Hi How are you? How is life? How is everything with you? How are you doing?	Good morningGood afternoonGood evening Hello/Hi I am fine, thanks I am very well, thankk you Not bad, thanks Just fine, thanks
Leave takings	Responses
Good nightGood byeSee you later See you tomorrow Bye	Good nightByeSee you See you Bye

Task 2 Complete the dialog with suitable expressions!

1. Ali        : Good morning Farah. How is life?

Farah    : Morning Ali! ………………………………….

2. Fira       : Well, I must leave now. Good bye Ida!

Ida        : ……………………………………………………

3. Yosi     : How is everything with you Linda?

Linda    : ……………………………………………………

4. Siska    : Al right Fairuz, see you tomorrow?

Fairuz   : ……………………………………………………

5. Amat    : I must sleep now. Good night Mom!

Mother  : ……………………………………………………
Task 3  Create a dialog from the following situation and perform the dialog in front of the classroom!

1. You meet your teacher on the way to school. You greet him and ask his condition.
2. You have a talk with your partner in the canteen. When you hear the bell rings, you say goodbye to her.

Material 2
How to Express: Introducing one and others

Task 4 Observe the picture and practice the following dialog with a partner!
Peter    : Hello!
Sheila   : Hi!
Peter    : Are you a student here?
Sheila   : Yes. I am a new student in the first grade. What about you?
Peter    : Me too
Sheila   : By the way, my name is Sheila, Sheila Iskandar
Peter    : I am Peter. Peter Sirait
Sheila   : How do you do Peter?
Peter    : How do you do Sheila?
Sheila   : What class are you in?
Peter    : I am in X two
Sheila   : What about you?
Peter    : I am in the same class with you
Sheila   : Great! Let’s go!
The expressions in bold type are used to express introduction.
Study the expression of introduction in the table below!

Introducing Oneself	Introducing others
Hello. I am Sheila Iskandar.Excuse me, my name is Sheila Iskandar.Let me introduce myself. My name is Sheila Iskandar. Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Sheila Iskandar. How do you do? It’s nice to meet you.	Let me introduce my friend, Lina.May I introduce my friend, Lina?This is Lina. Have you met Lina before? Do you know my friend, Lina? Please meet my friend, Lina.

Task 5 Complete the dialog with suitable expressions!
Tasya   : Good morning Alexa!
Alexa    : ………………………………(1) Tasya!
Tasya   : How is life?
Alexa    : ………………………………(2). What about you?
Tasya   : Very well, thanks.
Alexa    : Tasya, please introduce my friend Sarah
Tasya   : ………………………………..(3)
Sarah    : How do you do?
Tasya   : …………………………………(4)
Sarah    : Yes, I am Alexa’s classmate.
Tasya   : Well, I have to go now. Nice to meet you Sarah
Sarah    : …………………………………(5)
Task 6 Work with your partner to make a dialog in the situation below!

1. Dicky and Dimas are new students in SMAN 2 Bandung. Today is the first day of school. They meet and introduce each other.
2. Pita and her sister Saras are in the supermarket. They meet Dewi, Pita’s friend. Pita introduce Dewi to Saras.

Material 3
Expressing happiness
Task 1 Practice the following dialog!
Mother  : Tika, I have got a present for you. Here you are!
Tika      : Thanks Mom. May I open it?
Mother  : Sure, honey
Tika      : (after opening the present) Wow, what a nice purse!
Mother  : Do you like it?
Tika      : It’s great Mom! I love the color very much
Mother  : I’m glad you like it dear. It’s a present for your first ranking in the class!
Tika      : I’m really delighted Mom. Thanks a lot!

The bold expression in the dialog is used to express happiness. Study the following expressions!
Showing happiness
ü     I’m happy to get the present.
ü     I’m pleased about it.
ü     Great!
ü     Fantastic!
ü     Terrific!
ü     Wonderful!
ü     I’m impressed with the supper.

Task 2 Complete the dialog with the available words!
Mother  : Heny, your sister said that she will take you to the department store.
Heny     : Hooray! That’s ………………….(1) When will we go Mom?
Mother  : Perhaps after lunch. Your sister will buy a …………….(2)  for you. She is amazed with your …………….(3)  on the stage. She wants you to wear a new dress on your next singing performance. Your last night performance was great honey!
Heny     : Thanks for your …………….(4) Mom. I will practice singing to have my best performance.
Mother  : You should honey. You are wonderful.
Heny     : …………….(5)  Mom.

Thanks Great Dress Compliment Performance

Task 3 Write dialogs in the following situations! Perform them in front of the classroom!

1. You win a speech contest and you will get a five million present.
2. Your friend gets a new dress from her parents.
3. Your sister has got a scholarship to Australia.
4. Your father gets a promotion in his office. Now he is a branch manager.

Material 4
Expressing sympathy and giving attention 
Task 4 Observe the picture and practice the following dialog!

Sofyan : Hi Taufik! What are you doing here?
Taufik   : I have to accompany my brother. He had an operation yesterday.
Sofyan : What happened?
Taufik   : His motorcycle crashed into a lamp post near my house. He broke his leg.
Sofyan : I am sorry about that. Is he all right?
Sofyan : Yes, he is fine. The operation was successful and he must stay here for recovery.
Taufik   : Well, I hope he will recover soon.
Sofyan : Thanks.
The bold expression in the dialog is used to express sympathy and attention. Study the following expressions!

Expressing sympathy	Showing attention
I am sorry to hear that.I am terrible sorry.Oh, that’s awful. That’s too bad. What a shame!	Is he all right?Are you okay?What happened? What’s wrong with you? What can I do for you? Don’t worry. Everything is okay. I hope he will be fine.

Task 5 Arrange these jumbled sentences into a good dialog!

Sinta	Lutfia
-       Really? What happened?-       O, I am sorry to hear that-       I hope you can get it back as soon as possible. -       Why didn’t you come yesterday? -       So you have made a report to the police?	-   Someone stole my motorcycle -   I had to go to the police station-   Thanks! -   Thanks. I need that support -   Yes, I have. They promised to find it soon

Task 6 Make a dialog based on the situation below! Use the expression to show attention and sympathy above! Practice the dialog in front of the classroom!
1.   Your sister lost her wallet. She was so sad because there was sum of money in it.
2.  You arrived at your friend’s house. He looks disappointed because he didn’t win the speech contest.
3.  Your classmate had got an accident and he has to stay in a hospital for medical treatment.
4.   Your best friend calls you to inform that her father gets a serious illness. He  is in a coma.

Material 5
HOW TO EXPRESS: GIVING INVITATION
Task 1 Look at the picture and practice the dialog with a partner!

Fadli     : Do you have a plan tomorrow?
Ilham    : No, I don’t
Fadli     : Would you like to come to my house? There is a small party celebrating my brother’s graduation.
Ilham    : Sure. I’d love to. What time?
Fadli     : 10 o’clock. Please ask your sister to come with you
Ilham    : All right
Fadli     : Well, be there!
In the dialog above, we can find some expressions to invite someone. Study the expression below!
Inviting Someone

1. Would you like to come to my house?
2. What about watching film?
3. Why don’t you come for dinner?
4. It will be great if you can come to my party.
5. Would you care to come by?

Accepting Invitation	Rejecting Invitation
Thank you. I’d love to. Thanks. With pleasure. That’s sounds like a nice idea. What a splendid idea! That’s very kind of you. All right/OK Thank you but I have to do my report. I’d love to but I will be away next weekend. Sorry, I can’t. I wish I could/ I wish I would.

Task 2 Make a short dialog in every situation below!

1. Your mother cooks a new menu and the meal is plentiful. Invite your close friend to come for having dinner.
2. There will be a concert in your school presenting the most popular band in town. Invite your sister to see the concert with you.

Material 6
HOW TO EXPRESS: MAKING ARRANGEMENT
Task 3 Look at the picture and practice the following dialog!
Rceptionist       : Dr. Hobart’s secretary. Can I help you?
Caller                : Yes, please. I want to make an appointment.
Rceptionist       : What seems to be the problem?
Caller                : I have got a terrible toothache. It makes me dizzy. Can I come this evening?
Rceptionist       : Sorry, we are full this evening. What about tomorrow at seven p.m?
Caller                : Tomorrow? I can’t wait until tomorrow. Can you make it today?
Rceptionist       : Alright. Maybe I can add one more patient this evening.
Caller                : Oh. Thank you so much.
In the dialog above, we can find some expressions to make arrangement. Study the expression below!
Making arrangement or appointment

1. I want to make an appointment.
2. Can I come at six?
3. Is it okay if I come at four p.m.?
4. What about tomorrow morning?
5. Can you make it today?
6. Let’s meet at four!

Accepting arrangement	Declining arrangement
That will be fine.All right.I’ll be there. I’ll come I promise.	Sorry, I don’t think I can make it.I am sorry we are full today.I think I can’t make it. That’s not such a good idea.

Task 4 Give your responses to the following arrangement. (+) means you accept the arrangement, while (-) means you decline the arrangement. Give your reason while you are declining the arrangement!

1. Rania           : Let’s meet at seven pm. tomorrow evening.

You             : (+) ……………………………………………………………..

1. Soleh           : I want to come tomorrow for discussing the camping plan.

You             : (-) ……………………………………………………………..

1. Taufan         : Is it all right if I

You             : (+) ……………………………………………………………..

1. Winda          : Can we meet at four p.m. in Raya Cafe?

You             : (-) ……………………………………………………………..

1. Axel             : Is it okay if I come to your office tomorrow morning?

You             : (+) ……………………………………………………………..

Material 7
HOW TO EXPRESS: INSTRUCTION
Task 1 Look at the picture and practice the following dialog!
Sarita    : Look! I have a new camera!
Naomi   : Great! Do you know how to operate it?
Sarita    : Not really.
Naomi   : All right. Let’s read the manual then.
Sarita    : Start with how to prepare the camera.
Naomi   : Open the battery cover and insert the batteries. Then, close the cover!
Sarita    : Okay! How do I put the memory card inside?
Naomi   : Open the memory card slot cover in the left side of the camera. Then, insert the memory card with the label facing up.
Sarita    : What’s next?
Naomi   : Close the cover tightly!
Sarita    : All right. It is set. Let’s shoot our pretty cats!
Naomi   : Fine.
In the dialog above we can find some instruction and the responses. Study the expressions below!

Giving instruction	Responding to instruction
Open the battery cover!Close the cover!Insert the memory card inside! Close the cover tightly!	Okay!What’s next?All right. Is that okay?

Task 2 Complete the dialog with suitable expression!
Esti      : I am going to tell you how to cook rice.
Tika      : Good. …………………………………(1)?
Esti      : You will need two cups of water, a cup of rice, salt and a pan with lid.
Tika      : Al right. ……………………………….(2)?
Esti      : First, you should wash the rice with cold water.
Tika      : …………………………………………..(3)?
Esti      : Next, put  the rice in the pan and add water and a little salt.
Tika      : After that?
Esti      : Then, heat the pan without the lid until the water boils.
Tika      : ……………………………………………(4)
Esti      : Put the lid on when the water boils, then, turn down the heat and cook it.
Tika      :……………………………………………(5)?
Esti      : You should cook it for fifteen minutes.

PART B – WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Material 1

RECOUNT TEXT

Task 1 Read the text carefully!

My Day

I had a terrible day yesterday. First, I woke up an hour late because my alarm clock didn’t go off. Then, I was such an hurry that I burned my hand when I was making breakfast. After breakfast, I got dressed so quickly that I forgot to wear socks.
Next, I ran out of the house trying to get the 9:30 bus, but of course I missed it. I wanted to take a taxi, but I didn’t have enough money.
Finally, I walked the three miles to my school only to discover that it was Sunday! I hope I never have a day as the one I had yesterday.
Task 2 Answer the following questions orally!

1. What happened to the writer yesterday?
2. Why did he wake up an hour late?
3. What did he do after having breakfast?
4. How far did the writer walk?
5. What does the writer hope?

Task 3 Complete the text with available words!
My first …………..(1) started when I was about four years old. I lived in a …………..(2) of Sydney, called Chatswood. I had a happy …………..(3). I remember when I was playing in a big garden. I fell from a big tree and …………..(4) my hand.
I had a …………..(5) friend. I don’t remember his name but I usually called him “Giant” because he was very …………..(6). He liked hitting and pulling my head. One day, I hit him on head with my bag. Consequently, his parents were …………..(7) with me.
I had a …………..(8) school time. I started my school at four. My …………..(9) teacher was Ms. Jude. She always asked me to …………..(10) a song every day. She was a good woman. She was just like my mom. I felt comfortable to be with her.

Sing Suburb Fat Wonderful Memory Broke Childhood angry naughty favorite

GRAMMAR SPOT: SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Task 4 Read and study the following dialog!
Tasya   : Hi! How was your weekend?
Rendy   : Great! I made a beautiful painting!
Tasya   : Wow! Where did you make the painting?
Rendy   : Well, I went to the park and I found a wonderful view
Tasya   : Then?
Rendy   : I went home and took my paints, canvas, and brushes
Tasya   : Did you spend the whole day for painting?
Rendy   : Yes, I finished at about three p.m.
Tasya   : What did you do then?
Rendy   : I went home and showed my painting to my mom
Tasya   : Did she like it?
Rendy   : Yes,she loves flowers very much. I painted colorful flowers in the park and she loved it!
Task 5 Answer the following questions!

1. What did Rendy do last weekend?
2. Where did Rendy make the painting?
3. What did Rendy need to make the painting?
4. What did he do after the painting finished?
5. Did his mother like his painting?

In the dialog above, we can find the use of Past Tense. Past Tense is used for:

• Explain past activities.
• Describe an event that began and ended before the present time.
• Describe an action that completed before now.

Past Tense takes the pattern of the following form:

Affirmative	S + Verb 2 + O + Adverb of time
Negative	S + did not + Verb 1 + O + Adverb of time
Interrogative	Did + S + Verb 1 + O + Adverb of time

The time indicators in Past Tense are as follows:
ü Yesterday
ü Just now
ü Last night, last week, last month, last year
ü Two days ago, a month ago, two weeks ago
Study the following example:

1. (+) She woke up late this morning.

(-) She didn’t wake up late this morning.
(?) Did she wake up late this morning.

1. (+) They wrote a letter yesterday.

(-) They didn’t write a letter yesterday.
(?)Did they write a letter yesterday.
Task 6 Rewrite the sentences by changing the verbs in the brackets in the correct form!

1. Sandra (meet) her favorite singer last night.

………………………………………………………………………………

1. This morning before school, I (sweep) the front yard.

………………………………………………………………………………

1. Jack (not – study) well last semester.

………………………………………………………………………………

1. Ellya (? – read) a new novel lately?

………………………………………………………………………………

1. Sofyan (run after) the thief yesterday.

………………………………………………………………………………
Task 7 Rewrite the following text in the past form!
Sania is a talented girl. When she is five years old, she wins the song festival for children in her local town. At the age of ten, she makes her first album on children song. She has a show every weekend. She is famous and rich.
Entering her teenage time, Sania sings more seriously. She has singing course every other day. Her second album is released when she is thirteen years old. At the age of seventeen Sania records her third album. It is a love song album. She becomes a great diva at her age of twentieth.
Answer:
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
Task 8 Read the text and answer the questions!

Orientation	Recently I visited Sidney with my parents. We visited manyinteresting places. The one I enjoyed best was the Wildlife Park.
Events	The Wildlife park has a lot of different Australian animals and birds.First, we walked along the kangaroos and wallabies. We were allowed to touch them and feed them. I was very exciting to be so close to them.Then we saw koala bears. They looked very cuddly. I got my photograph taken with one of them. It is a wonderful souvenir of my holiday in Sidney. Next, we saw the crocodiles. I did not get so close with them because they had very big mouth and teeth. We also visited the aviary. There were some colorful birds there. I loved an old parrot which could talk.
Reorientation	I wish I could spend more time in the Wildlife Park. There was so much to see.

Questions:

1. What does the text tell about?
2. Where did the writer go recently?
3. What did the writer see first in Wildlife Park?
4. Why didn’t the writer get close to the crocodiles?
5. What did the writer wish?

Study the following explanation!
The text above is a Recount text. Recount text is a text that is used to retell past events. The text consists of the following parts:

1. Orientation

It is the beginning of the text. In orientation we can get information about the setting and the participants in the events.

1. Events

Events are the part of the story where we can get information about what was going on in the chronological order.

1. Reorientation

It is an optional closing of the events. Sometimes it doesn’t exist in recount text.
Language features in a recount text:
ü  Proper Nouns to identify those who involved in the text.
ü  Descriptive words to inform detail about who, what, when, where, and how.
ü  The use of Past Tense to retell past events.
ü  Words that show the order of events.
Significant grammatical features:
ü  Focus on specific participant
ü  Use of material processes
ü  Circumstances of time and place
ü  Use of past Tense
ü  Use of temporal sequence
Material 2

NARRATIVE TEXT

Task 1 Read the text and complete the blanks with available words!
Once upon a time there lived a little …………….(1) named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her …………….(2) were dead.
One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the …………….(3) because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough …………….(4) to take Snow White.
Snow White didn’t want her uncle and aunt to do this so she  …………….(5) it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she …………….(6) from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Then she saw a little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went …………….(7) and fell asleep.
Meanwhile, the seven…………….(8) were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “What’s your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”
Doc, one of the dwarfs said, “If you…………….(9), you may live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole …………….(10) and Snow White and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.

DecidedGirlWish Ran away Parents

DwarfsStoryInside Castle Money

GRAMMAR SPOT
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Task 2 Study the following dialog!
Pasya   : Where are the boys?
Intan     : When I went to the laboratory, they were having a Biology experiment
Pasya   : Are they still there now?
Intan     : I think so
Pasya   : By the way, why didn’t you answer my call last night?
Intan     : Sorry, I didn’t hear your call. When you called me last night I was having lunch with my family.

In the dialog above, you can find the use of Past Continuous Tense. Past Continuous Tense is usually used with past Tense. Past Continuous Tense shows an activity that is in progress in the past.
The form of Past Continuous Tense is as follows:

S + was/were + V ing + O

The negative and question forms are as follows:
1   (+) She was reading a book.
(-) She was not reading a book.
(?) Was she reading a book?
2   (+) They were having a discussion.
(-)  They were not having a discussion.
(?) Were they having a discussion?

Task 2 Change the verbs in the brackets into Past Continuous Tense!

1. When the teacher came, I (do) my homework.
2. When the phone rang, She (watch) TV.
3. He (drive) to work when the tree fell down.
4. They (play) basket when the earthquake happened.
5. We (eat) lunch when the headmaster got a guest.
6. The lamp blacked out when we (listen) to the news.
7. Some boys (go) camping when the snow fell.
8. I (do) my homework when the telephone rang.
9. She (fit) her dress when her mother opened the boutique.
10. When I entered the kitchen, my mother (make) a cake.

Task 3 Read the text and discuss with a partner!

Title	The Fly and The Bull
Orientation	There was once a little fly that thought he was very important. One sunny morning, he flew around looking for someone to talk to. He saw a bull gazing in a field. He decided to fly down to talk to him.
Complication	The little fly flew down and buzzed around the bull’s head. The bull did not bother with him. He went on chewing grass. The fly then buzzed right inside the bull’s ear. The bull continued chewing grass.Now the fly decided to land on one of the bull’s horns to make the bull notice him. He waited for the bull to say something, but the bull kept quiet.The fly then shouted angrily. “Oh bull, if you find that I am too heavy for you, let me know and I’ll fly away!”
Resolution	The bull laughed and said, “Little fly, I don’t care if you stay or leave. You are so tiny that your weight does not make any difference to me, so please be quiet and leave me alone.”

1. What is the title of the text?
2. Who are the characters in the story?
3. What did the fly do in one sunny morning?
4. Could he find someone? What problem did he find?
5. How is the ending of the story?

Study the explanation below!
The text that you have read in task 1 is a narrative text. Narrative text is a text used to amuse and entertain the readers or listeners. Narratives present in the form of story, legend, myth, and science fiction.
A narrative text is usually formed as the following parts:

1. Orientation

Orientation is usually presented at the first paragraph of the text. In orientation, we can find some information such as the characters and the setting of the story.

1. Complication

Complication is the part of the story when the characters face a crisis. A crisis is a problem faced by the characters. There is an unharmonious situation between the characters in the story. The crisis will reach the peak.

1. Resolution

Resolution is the part of the story when the characters find a solution to the problem they face. It can be in the form of happy-ending or sad-ending part of the story.
A narrative text has special characteristics in language feature, such as:

1. Focus on specific participants
2. Use of past tense
3. Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances
4. Use of material (or action) processes
5. Use of relational and mental process

Task 4 Read the following announcement and asnwer the questions!

ANNOUNCEMENT The school dramais going to organize “Mega-Mega” drama cast audition. For those who are interested to join the audition, please come to our office on Monday, 4 August, at 2 p.m. to register. The requirements are as follows: Your latest photograph of postcard size (2) The registration form (get it at the office) The audition will be held on Sunday, 10 August at 9 a.m. The list of the selected candidates will be announced in a week. We appreciate your participation. Thank you. The Committe P.s : No charge for the registration form

Questions:

1. What will the drama club conduct?
2. What are the requirements?
3. Whare can the candidate get the form?
4. How long will the selected candidates be selacted?
5. Should the students pay for the form?

Note: You have read an announcement.
Announcement is used to inform people about something urgent or important. A good announcement:

• Should be straight forward
• Short and clear
• Not to make the people confused with multiple interpretation.

Task 5 Read the following text with your group!

The Story of Ula

The wicked spirit Saruram set the forest fire. Just one man escaped alive. He hid in a hole in the ground and breathed trough a hollow stick. Many days later, he left the hole. The land around was all black and bare. There were no people, animals, or plants. He was all alone and there was nothing to eat. Rather than starve to death, he set out westwards. He traveled towards the source of the great river where, according to the legends, his ancestors came from. An ugly looking creature appeared; it was Saruram, the wicked spirit who had destroyed the forest.
Saruram spoke, “I am sorry,” he said. “It was wrong of me to destroy your world. I want to make up for the damage I have done. Take this handful of seeds, and sow them. You will bring back all the plants of the earth.”
Within seconds of planting, a forest miraculously sprang to life. From the forest the man heard a voice; a beautiful young woman was calling him. He fell in love with her at once. The couple married and had many sons, but only one daughter. The girl had her mother’s beauty and wisdom. Her brothers protected her jealously, and she longed for a friend of her own.
One day, as she was walking alone in the forest, she met Ula, who was half man, half tree. She fell madly in love with him. Every day, she returned to see him. Her mother noticed she had changed. She spent hours painting her face and decorating her hair with flowers and feathers. In the end, the girl owned up to her mother, who said: “If you really love Ula, I shall not forbid you to see him. But get him to marry you.” Ula agreed to marry her. They lived happily together.
One day Ula met a Jaguar while out hunting. There was a terrible battle. The Jaguar attacked the tree man. Ula fought bravely, but the Jaguar carried him off. Ula’s young wife sat up all night waiting for her husband’s return. In the morning, her brothers went out to search for him. She went with them, carrying her baby.
They found her husband’s remains: bones, leaves, branches, and all. Kneeling down, she put them back together, and spoke some magic words. Ula’s wife hugged him closely, ad closed his eyes. Soon, to her surprise, she heard Ula speaks: “I’ve been asleep for a long time.”
Ula asked his wife to wait while he went to drink from a stream. He bent down to take some water and gazed at his reflection. Something was wrong. At last he realized what was new. He was no longer a tree man.
Task 6 Match the words in column A with their meaning in column B!

A

B

spirit hole starve ancestors seed damage wisdom to forbid feather 10. stream

to suffer because there is no enough food a small narrow river a person in the family who lived a long time ago the soul harmful effect on something or someone soft light parts covering the bird’s body to order someone not to do something the ability to make a sensible decision and give a good advise an empty place or position that needs to be filled the small hard part produced by a plant, from which a new plant can grow

Task 7 Answer the following questions!

1. Who was Saruram?
2. What did he do?
3. How many people were save?
4. What did the safe man do?
5. Who was Ula?
6. What animal beat Ula in fight?
7. Why did Saruram want to make up the forest damage?
8. Where did Ula met his wife?
9. Why did the Jaguar attacked Ula?
10. When did Ula realize that he was no longer a tree man?

Task 8  Arrange the following sentences into a good announcement!

1. The program will be conducted on 5 – 6 May 2011.
2. For reservation please contact Ayu (08164274380).
3. Note: Come to the office for details information!
4. The Student School Organization will conduct a field triep to Solo.
5. The field trip includes a batik lesson at Kampung batik and a museum visit.

Task 9 Read the following invitation and answer the question!

We’re having a barbeque party! Please come and join in on all the fun. Sunday, 10th April 2012, at 3 p.m. Sultan Agung Street No. 28 Semarang Mr. Bambang and the family RSVP to Mr. Bambang at (0274) 853427

Questions:

1. What program is the invitation?
2. Who will have a party?
3. Where will the party be held?
4. When will the party be held?
5. What should the people do after receiving the invitation?

Note:
The text that you have read above is an invitation letter. A good invitation letter will state clearly:

• The program
• The time
• The place

On invitation sometimes we will find the acronym RSVP. It is the abbreviation of the French phrase Respondez s’il vous plait. It means please answer the invitation. It requires the receiver to replay either by letter or by a call.

Material 3

PROCEDURE TEXT

Task 1 Complete the text with available words!

How to Operate a Fan

1. Plug the ………………… (1) into a wall outlet.
2. To make the fan ………………… (2) sideways, push the pin on top of the motor.
3. To move the fan up or down, first ………………… (3) the oscillating pin, then press the tilt adjustment ………………… (4).
4. To change the speed of the fan, press one of the ………………… (5) at the bottom.

Pull up – switches – moves – knob – power cord
Task 2 Answer the following questions!

1. What is the manual or instruction about?
2. How many steps are there in the instruction?
3. What is the first step in operating a fan?
4. What is the final step in operating a fan?
5. Is it difficult to operate a fan?

GRAMMAR SPOT
IMPERATIVE
Study the following sentences:

1. Open the door please!
2. Look out!
3. Be careful!
4. Be on time!
5. Don’t touch the wet paint!
6. Don’t open the gate!
7. Don’t be lazy!
8. Don’t be careless!

Sentences 1 to 4 above belong to the Imperative. Imperative is a sentence that is used to give order or command to other people. Imperative is also used as warning (sentence 2). We can make imperative for the following form:

	VERB + OBJECT BE + ADJECTIVE

Sentences 5 to 8 are negative command. They are called Prohibition. Prohibition is used to prohibit someone to do something. The form of prohibition is as follows:

	DON’T + VERB + OBJECT DON’T + BE + ADJECTIVE

We can also use the word Let’s (let us) or let’s not in imperative. See the example below:

1. Let’s make a doll!
2. Let’s play outside!
3. Let’s not tell a lie.
4. Let’s not play truant!

To make the imperative polite, we can used the word please. We can use the more polite form of Imperative in the form of REQUEST. Study the following sentences:

1. Can you open the gate, please?
2. Would you close the window, please?
3. Would you like to pass the salt, please?
4. Would you mind giving me a glass of water, please?

Task 3 Fill in the blank with suitable verbs!
Cut – turn on – mow – turn up – lock – drink – punctual – go – tell – add

1. Please ……..TURN ON………… the light. The room is too dark.
2. Don’t ……….DRINK……..any ice. You have got a terrible flu.
3. Don’t ………..TELL……..a lie!
4. Let’s ………….GO…………..swimming. The weather is very nice.
5. Be …………PUNCTUAL………. We will start at seven o’clock sharp.
6. Please ………….TURN UP………..the volume, I can’t hear the song.
7. …….LOCK………….the door before you leave for school.
8. Please ……..MOW…………..the grass in the back yard.
9. If you want to have sweet tea, …….ADD………….more sugar.
10. …….CUT……….the carrot into small dices.

ADVERB OF MANNER
Study the following sentences!

1. She is studying seriously.
2. My mother is smiling happily.
3. They sing beautifully.
4. Vika is flying bravely.
5. The farmers work hard.

In the sentences above we can find the use of Adverb of Manner. Adverb of Manner is an adverb that is used to modify the verb. It explains how an action is done.
We can form an adverb from an adjective as follows:

Adjective + ly

However, the rule is not applied for HARD and FAST.

Task 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable form of Adverb of Manner!

1. She is a hard worker. She works …….HARD………………
2. Anita is a serious student. She always studies …….SERIOUSLY………………..
3. They are fast runners. They run ……..FAST…………..
4. Fika is a careless girl. She drives the car ……..CARELESSLY……………
5. Yolanda is a beautiful girl. She dances ……….BEAUTIFULLY…………
6. Andri is a diligent sudent. He studies …….DILIGENTLY…………
7. We have a happy time. We sing ………..HAPPILY…………..
8. She has a sad experience. She cries ………SADLY……………
9. My father is a careful person. He always does his job …….CAREFULLY……………

10. Tono ia a polite student. He behaves …..POLITELY………….

Task 5 Read the text and discuss with a partner!

Goal	How to make tomato soup
Material	4 large tomatoes 1 small onion 8 cups of water Spices ½ teaspoon of salt ¼ teaspoon of pepper ¼ teaspoon of butter
Steps	Cut tomatoes, onions, and garlic into small pieces. Fry them in a pan with butter for five minutes. Add water, spices, salt, and pepper. Heat until the water boils. Turn down the heat and cover with lid. Cook gently for one hour.

The text that you have read above is a Procedure text. A procedure text is a text to describe how something is accomplished or done trough a sequences of actions and steps.
Procedure text consists of the following parts:

1. Goal
2. Material
3. Steps  (a series of steps oriented to achieve the goal)

Task 6 Complete the instruction with the available words!
Gudeg Jogja
Ingredients:

5 onions10 candlenuts10 garlic cloves 4 bay leaves 250g green jack fruit 12 g coriander seeds 6 g cumin

62ml coconut sugar500 ml coconut milk30g tamarind Ikg chicken (cut into small pieces with bones) 5 cups water 2 inches bruished galangal

Instruction:

1. First, ………CUT…………(1) green jack fruit 1 inch thick. Wash and boil until tender.
2. Next, ………FRY…………(2) onions, candle nuts, sauté paste, bay leaves, and galangal until fragrant.
3. ………ADD…………(3) the chicken pieces, stir …………GENTLY………(4) until chicken changes color.
4. Then, pour 4 cups of water and coconut sugar, bring to ………BOIL…………(5) Add the green jack fruit and simmer until the chicken and vegetables are ………TENDER…………(6).
5. Finally, add coconut ………MILK…………(7) 5 minutes before it’s done, bring back to boil.
6. ………SERVE…………(8) hot with rice.

The dish is…………SWEET………(9) and usually served with shrimp …………CRACKER………(10)

GRIND – TENDER – MILK – BOIL – SERVE – SWEET

CRACKER – CUT – ADD – FRY  - GENTLY

Task 7 Read the instruction again and answer the following questions!

1. What recipe is being discussed?
2. How does the dish taste?
3. Where does the dish come from?
4. How many garlic do we need in making the dish?
5. What kind of sugar do we need? How much?
6. What is the first step in making the dish?
7. What must be ground?
8. When should we stop stirring 
   
   Healthy Water and Its Problem
   
   
   Water is very precious  to people. They use it in almost activities they do. Primarily, they use water for domestic purposes such as drinking, food preparation, bathing cleaning, and watering plants. Secondarily, water is used for industrial processes, commercial protect. Realizing how important water is for drinking and food preparation. Clean water which is free from disease-causing bacteria should always be available. Boiling water is the traditional way to get healthy drinking water. Clean and healthy water is also necessary for bathing and cleaning; fish and plants need water which is free from pollution.
   
   
   As the population of the world increases, people are now facing a serious problem of water pollution, especially in big cities. The growth of population does not cope with the development of housing facility.  Consequently, too many people live in one area, and environmental cleanliness cannot be controlled very well. People’s  activities are chemical substances that affect the natural condition of water of its intended use. Organic wastes from homes and industries contaminate the water. As the result,  waterways like rivers, lakes, and even oceans are subjected to pollution. This polluted water is harmful to living things that consume it. Plants cannot grow well and do not yield good quality fruit. Fish do not grow and breed properly. This in turn, will affect the health of people who consume them
   Water pollution is really a problem for all people. They however cannot overcome this individually. They need to cooperate as responsible citizens. They should not throw away domestic wastes everywhere. They must not dump harmful substances into the rivers. Industries must realize the importance of recycling rubbish. And above all, they should not let the chemical waste get into the rivers or other public waterways.
   
   
   
   
   1.The following are the primary uses of water except …
   a.preparation of food
   b.swimming –pools
   c.cleaning
   d.bathing
   e.drinking
   
   
   2.Water is very precious because …
   a.it is not available everywhere
   b.we cannot use it everyday
   c.we use it in almost all activities
   d.it is hard to get
   e.we can use it to wash
   
   
   3.We realize how important water is, so we have to …
   a.find more water
   b.boil the water
   c.use as little water as possible
   d.explore the earth for more water
   e.keep water usable at all times
   
   
   4.What do fish and plants need ? They need …
   a.uncontaminated water
   b.a large quantity of water
   c.clean and healthy water
   d.water from rivers
   e.waste water
   
   
   4.Why do big cities have serious water problems? Because …
   a.water is difficult to find
   b.they need too much water
   c.water is needed there
   d.too many people live in one area
   e.of the development of housing facilities
   
   
   5.Polluted water is very dangerous to ….
   a.animal
   b.all living things
   c.environment
   d.the people
   e.health
   
   
   6. Mrs. Adam just asked, “Will you be in class tomorrow?”
   This means that Mrs. Adam wants to know ________.
   a. if I will be in class tomorrow
   b. if I would be in class tomorrow
   c. will I be in class tomorrow
   d. whether I can be in class tomorrow
   e. why I will be in class tomorrow
   
   
   7.Mother : Please … We are running out of sugar and flour.
   Tuti: Sure, mom.
   a.Don’t go anyway
   b.Go to the grocery
   c.Clean up your room
   d.Don’t make any noise
   e.Meet your aunt, Susi
   
   
   8.Deni: I haven’t seen Dody for a week. How has he been ?
   Tony: Fine. I met him two days ago
   Deni: Did he tell you something
   Tony: Yes, he told me that …
   a.I had to help my mom at home
   b.He had to help my mom at home
   c.He has to help his mom at home
   d.He had to help his mom at home
   e.I have to help  his mom at home